Diet, welfare and male and female bird fertility : the complex relationship

Abstract

In birds, as in other species, nutrition and energy influence the function of reproduction. The hyperphagic models have shown the negative effect of over-feeding in both sexes, and the potential rescue by food restriction treatment which can increase the length of the fertile period. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nutrition, energy metabolism and reproductive functions are poorly understood. These changes in metabolic and nutritional status can be transmitted to the gonadotrope axis (hypothalamus, pituitary and gonads) by changes in hormone levels (insulin, adipokines...), or directly by the energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids). Briefly, we discuss the effects of different components of the diet on fertility. Finally, we discuss alternative methods involving qualitative restriction rather than quantitative methods on feeding in order to improve animal welfare and in particular by reducing the behaviour of frustration and hunger.