Strengthening the adaptive capacities of livestock farming systems: theoretical frameworks, levers of action and development approach

Abstract

In the context of global change, livestock farming systems are facing an increase of uncertainties and extreme events, so they have to strengthen their adaptive capacities. The analysis of adaptive capacities requires a systemic approach considering internal and external drivers of change. This analysis can be structured with concepts such as resilience, flexibility and vulnerability. Technical levers of action, reactive or proactive, are related to three principles: i) increasing room for manoeuvre; ii) diversification; iii) adaptive management. These three principles are illustrated at the levels of the herd, resources and farmer. External levers corresponds to networks and collective action. In the long term, the “logic of action” of livestock farmers determine the kind of levers of action possibly activated. This activation can be incremental or transformational, when it changes deeply the localization or the objectives of livestock farming activities. To facilitate the adaptation of livestock farms, a development approach in four stages is proposed: i) Becoming aware of the farm exposition to hazards; ii) Understanding the sensitivity of the system; iii) Exploring alternative scenarios; iv) Implementing and assessing of selected alternative practices. Each stage is associated with specific tools and devices, such as indicators, focus groups, farm’ visit and dedicated tools. This approach enables a more systematic integration of adaptation issues. In the future, an essential perspective is to better integrate transformational adaptations.