Towards better pain management in mammals and fish intended for human consumption – Part 2: Alleviation

Abstract

After a first article dedicated to pain in livestock animals, this article addresses scientific knowledge on pain management in livestock species intended for human consumption, including fish. Pain relief is based for a part on its pharmacology. Four families of molecules can or could be useful for multimodal analgesia: local anaesthetics, α2-agonists, anti-inflammatories, and opioids. In addition, pain experience may be modulated by a so-called ethological approach, which is based on emotional and attentional factors, or on animal training.